Legal And Professional Issues in Nursing

Question: Discuss about theLegal And Professional Issues in Nursing. Answer: 1. As per details of Marion case and observed conflict the treatment team should respond in a diplomatic manner because the case requires analysis on legal as well as the ethical dilemma. In the provided case scenario, the legal and ethical considerations typically favour towards the medical priority to save the life of the mother or living individual. Further, the availability of Advance Care Directive indicating Marion desire of not taking treatment in these circumstances clearly designates that medical professionals need to follow the directions of Marions parents (Griffith and Tengnah, 2014). Kalaitzidis and Schmitz (2012) indicated that in the absence of advance directive the decision or viewpoint of the vulnerable spouse is taken into under consideration to make a medical decision, but the availability of advance care directive the indications in the living will is required to be followed by medical professionals. Further, Kluge (2011) studied that moral personhood also support considering mother as an individual person prior to foetuses. The unborn foetus is subordinate of pregnant women. in provided case scenario, the advance care directive of Marion works as an informed consent where her viewpoint and health requirements are clearly mentioned. Therefore, the healthcare professional needs to follow the directions of Marion parents considering the welfare of both mother and foetus. However, Suhonen et al. (2011) indicated that it is always the priority to save the mother unless it is not possible, then the priority is to save the child too. The ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence generally conflict in such situation. Therefore, in the present situation as Marion is possible in the critical stage of life, therefore, in this complex situation the healthcare professional has option to save child where it is impossible to save Marion. 2. In the present case scenario, MO can respond to Jess by providing her with other treatment option available for her aggressive malignancy rather than chemotherapy because Jess made a refusal to chemotherapy in front of her parents. Further, the Advance Care Directive provided by Jess is not valid because She is not an adult yet. Jess is only 15 years by age, therefore, her ACD is not a valid one. However, her viewpoint regarding her treatment option is correct as rejected multiple blood transfusion by her parents basically to support their religious beliefs is not a valid decision (Butts and Rich, 2012). According to Austin (2012), medical health professional needs to respect human dignity as well as autonomy to provide healthcare services in an effective manner. In this case scenario, a conflict arises between the autonomy of Jess where she persists individual right to choose treatment for her welfare and human dignity of her parents religious beliefs. However, Jess refusal of chemotherapy in front of her parents is not a valid and proper decision. This decision created a controversial situation regarding her treatment. Further, as the Advanced Care Directive of Jess is not a valid one as per legal rules, therefore, Tom can never act on her behalf, as she is not an adult. Tom cant even order or permit blood transfusion on behalf of Jess because Jess is in the complete conscious state of mind. Jess herself need to take a decision regarding her treatment option along with her parents consent. Tom on behalf of Jess, can make no healthcare decision. 3. In the provided case scenario, the treatment refusal provided by Kerry is not a valid refusal and can never be considered appropriate to stop her treatment process. Any advanced directive or living will or legal considerations do not support this refusal of Kerry Catel. In the manner to support her decision and fulfilment of her wishes, Kerry needs to get an Advanced Care Directive developed for her. Marianna (2011) indicated that decision-making capacity gets weakened with increasing age, therefore, in elder ages if the patient is facing critical illness or having end-of-life care they should properly get an advanced care directive developed for themselves to compensate their willingness to continue or terminate treatment. Further, for getting her wishes upheld, Kerry needs to develop a proper decision regarding her care requirements, discuss her treatment preference with her family members, formally informing and appointing enduring guardian or decision-maker and lastly, develop her advance care directive for fulfilling her wish of terminating her treatment (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2013). According to Austin (2012), the end-of-life and critical care decision are most effective if they are based on overall viewpoint and acceptance by care providers, patients and their families. 4. In the provided case scenario, the request of Dr. Ron getting video shut performed of surgery is not a reasonable request. This request harnesses the patient confidentiality, human dignity and respect for autonomy. Further, this act is completely against the legal consideration that supports patient rights, privacy and confidentiality. As per medical ethics, it is not applicable to capture the surgical processes just for the personal pleasure, social entertainment or personal desire without patient consent (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2013). However, Marianna (2011) stated that even with the informed patient consent the act of shutting for personal pleasure in clinical premises is not an acceptable action in the healthcare profession. Jane should have simply rejected or stopped or performed whistleblowing in response to this request of her senior orthopaedic surgeon, Dr Ron Practice. To justify her ethical consideration of beneficence, Jane should have rejected this request of her senior that is also supported by her legal obligation duty of care. As the conduct was unethical as well as illegal, Jane should have filled complain against her senior either in form of whistleblowing or reporting her supervisor. Jess didnt act appropriately because it is not ethically and legally valid to access the personal details of the patient. Kalaitzidis and Schmitz (2012) indicated that both statute and common law state that every healthcare professional needs to respect patient privacy, confidentiality and rights. By accessing the electronic data of patient Tony without any specific reason Jess has disrespected her ethical as well as legal obligations. Marianna (2011) stated that disclosure of patient information without any clinical or justified reason can also result in termination and offensive allegation. Therefore, the action of Jess accessing patient information for personal interest is surely an inappropriate action as a medical professional. References Books Burkhardt, M. A., and Nathaniel, A. 2013.Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Butts, J. B., and Rich, K. L. 2012.Nursing ethics. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Griffith, R., and Tengnah, C. 2014.Law and professional issues in nursing. United Kingdom: Learning Matters. Journals Austin, W., 2012, March. Moral distress and the contemporary plight of health professionals. InHEC forum(Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 27-38). Springer Netherlands. Huang, C. C., You, C. S., and Tsai, M. T. 2012. A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors.Nursing Ethics,19(4), pp. 513-529. Kalaitzidis, E. and Schmitz, K., 2012. A study of an ethics education topic for undergraduate nursing students.Nurse education today,32(1), pp.111-115. Kluge, E.H.W., 2011. Ethical and legal challenges for health telematics in a global world: telehealth and the technological imperative.International Journal of Medical Informatics,80(2), pp.e1-e5. Marianna, M., 2011. What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?.Health Science Journal. 23. Suhonen, R., Stolt, M., Virtanen, H. and Leino-Kilpi, H., 2011. Organizational ethics: a literature review.Nursing ethics,18(3), pp.285-303.

Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 Essay Example

Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 Essay In this essay we will be looking at the immense contrast that occurs between: Tybalt and Romeo. The play is called: Romeo and Juliet and was written by: William Shakespeare in 1589. Besides talking about the contrast that exists in Act 1 Scene 5, I will be discussing other topics that connected to this scene. They are: stagecraft, subject and theme, characters and language. As members of the audience, we distinguish that Shakespeare had deliberately made us notice about how these two characters are contrast to each other. In Act 1 Scene 5, Romeo instantly strides into this scene furthermore is very keen to find his love. At this point, Romeo does not know about sweet Juliets existence but is ironically in love with Rosaline. When we meet Juliet for the first time, in a blink of an eye Romeo gazes and glares at her beauty. This is shown when he says: What lady is that which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight, Romeo has just seen Juliet for the first time and already is madly in love with her. The way he speaks shows that he is calm and a passionate loving character. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the other hand in an entire contrast, Tybalt enters the scene as a cold blooded character; his presence changes the whole mood and atmosphere of the whole scene on stage. Ironically, just after Romeo has talked about loving and caring feelings towards Juliet also about how beautiful she is. Tybalt has jus entered and in a complete contrast of dialogue, his first words are: This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier boy what dares the slave. Shakespeare has intentionally put these two characters language together to make us see that how both characters are staged in this scene. Romeo enters disguised with a mask, almost a hint of mysteriousness in him, whereas Tybalt enters already fuming and full of wrath. The scene starts off uplifting and jovial. The servants are cleaning and preparing for the festivity. Romeo enters in a calm atmosphere, he brings a joyful presence towards the beginning of the scene and the atmosphere stays uplifting. There is lots of music, lots of dancing and very merry imaging in the scene. The thing that strikes most about the scene and the thing that also stands out the most is when you see the characters speaking after one another. We, being the audience, very quickly hear Romeos voice and then hear Tybalts voice straight after but they speak about different things. Romeo talks about love, this is shown when he says worlds such as: bright and enrich. These are positive images portraying light and soft images. As members of the audience, we can see that Romeo is eager to love whereas Tybalt is eager to hate. In a gigantic contrast Tybalt talks about killing. This is shown when he says quote words such as: rapier and slave. Tybalt is eager to kill. Romeo speaks soft and calm while Tybalts voice is full of anger and rage; he speaks in a rather rude manner. Rapier: this is a key word in this scene because we can see how Tybalt speaks and how language is portrayed in this scene. Tybalt is very determined to fight Romeo even though he has hardly known him. The audience therefore can see how eager he is to slay innocent Romeo as the innocent and Tybalt as the villain. To call Romeo a villain is very ironic because, in actual fact Tybalt is the villain as he is eager to kill Romeo and to call him a villain is clearly absurd. Also, bright is another keyword in this scene because we can see how Romeo speaks: calmer, loving and speaks in a complete contrast to Tybalt. Romeo speaks metaphorically here; almost in a sonnet form. This is shown when he says: Have not saints lips. And holy palmers to, Romeo is talking about light, whereas Tybalt talks in a dark presence and changes the whole atmosphere and causes a mass conflict and friction between the characters. Shakespeare has used a large amount contrast and irony because, he jumps from love to hate all the time and this is shown when Romeo Tybalts lines are deliberately put together. In doing this, Shakespeare had let the audience know about the characters feelings emotions towards to each other, whilst Romeo wants to love, but in a complete contrast Tybalt wants to hate. We could imagine this on stage, where Romeo could have white light shining down at him and calm music being played in the background, which creates a good impression on the audience. Tybalt can stand with a cigar in his hand and a sword in the other one. He could have dark light shining on him and he can have fast, depressing music in the background. From this essay we can distinguish that there is a huge contrast between these two characters. Shakespeare purposely put certain lines together, to make us members of the audience acknowledge about the characters. Doing this we can see that Romeo is: calm, loving and passionate, whereas Tybalt is angry, impatient, egotistic and selfish. Revenge, hatred and rage is clearly shown from Tybalt and then love and peace from Romeo. In this essay we talked about stagecraft, subject and theme, characters, language, irony and of course contrast. We can also see the characters motivation that may lead to unexpected events that occur in up coming scenes. The scene started off jovial and uplifting but, as the scene gradually continued, we unpacked Tybalt and Romeo to see how we can perceive them now. As members of the audience, we can acknowledge that there is a huge contrast between the both characters. From this essay I feel that Shakespeare has deliberately put these two lines together to make us see the huge contrast that exists from the scene, and how the other topics that I talked about integrated in to this essay. Thinking back to the question I was asked to talk about: Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5. I feel I have definitely discussed the question.

Gambling And Crime Rate Essays - Gambling In The United States

Gambling And Crime Rate Many factors have influenced the rising crime rate, some being, increasing use of drugs, increasing population, and decreasing morals. America must find ways to decrease the crime rate legally. One question often going hand in hand with decreasing crime rate is would legalized gambling decrease the crime rate? During the late 1980s and early 1990s slow economic growth, cuts in federal funding, and growing public needs forced state and local governments to seek additional sources of revenue. Most states turned to lotteries, horse and dog racing, and most recently a growing number of states have resorted to casino gambling as a painless way to raise money. Case studies show that legal casino gaming can increase tourism, employment, sales of noncasino goods, and tax revenues (Cabot 1). For example, The New Jersey Casino Control Act of 1977 states legalized casino gambling has been approved by the citizens of New Jersey as a unique tool of urban redevelopment for Atlantic City (Thompson 144). Legalized gambling provides a major new source of revenue for the state (Kurk 1). Even though 48 states have some form of legalized gambling such as lotteries, horse racing, casinos, riverboat and Indian casinos, casino gambling still remains illegal in most states (NCALG 2). Casino gambling, which was once limited to two states, is now legal in twenty-one states. Some states are Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and South Dakota. Over time we have seen a change in the gambling market. At one time, only Bingo parlors could be found on Native American reservations. Today almost one hundred casinos are operating in twenty-one states (Begun, Siegal, and Jacobs 29). There are five types of legal gambling in the United States: bingo, lotteries, pari-mutual betting, off track betting and casinos. Bingo is the most common form of legalized gambling; forty-six states participate in legal Bingo. Forty-three states permit thoroughbred horse racing, Lotteries are allowed in thirty-seven states, and only twenty-one states permit casino gambling (Begun et al. 27). Illegal gambling like legal gambling is deeply rooted into American Society. Despite innumerable federal and state laws, illegal gambling still remains a part of American life. The four principal forms of illegal gambling are numbers, horse books, sports books, and sports cards. The numbers game is a sideline game of the lotteries. Originally, lotteries were used to raise money for civic or charitable causes, while numbers was played to earn money for the Lottery Company. It is commonly believed that the numbers game gave rise to gambling syndicates ( 132). Betting on horses or Horse books is run by a bookie. The racetrack-licensed bookies to accept bets at the tracks, for that privilege, bookies paid the racetrack operators a daily fee, usually around $100 a day. The most popular form of illegal gambling is gambling on sporting events (133). There are four states that allow betting on sports, these are Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and Oregon (PBS 1). Some estimate that professiona l football alone attracts $50 billion in wages per season (Begun et al. 133). Sports cards are very popular for the $1 to $10 sports bettor. Sports cards are also run by a bookie. A bettor selects a team that he or she thinks will win and tears off a card stub and submits the cards before the start of the game (134). There has been an increase in the use of loopholes in the government, an example of this would be gambling on cruise ships. In 1992, Congress was forced to approve a general maritime law (PL-102-251). This law permitted gambling on American registered cruise ships once they were more than 3 miles offshore, on international voyages. This law possessed one flaw. Out of over 100 American docked ships, only 2 percent were American registered. These foreign registered ships were also operating casinos offshore. This forced California to pass a new law, only months later. This law (AB3769) banned gambling on foreign registered ships (Begun et. al 13). With the rise of legalized gambling, many politicians have brought up the question as to whether legalized gambling would decrease the crime rate? As cardrooms and gambling facilities have grown nationwide, the issue has divided many communities. Concern has reached Washington, D.C., where the House Of

Art Expression Essays - Visual Arts, Painting, Art History

Art Expression Essays - Visual Arts, Painting, Art History Art Expression Before the portrayal of the human body can be critiqued, you must understand the artist's culture. As man evolved over centuries, his views of the body also transformed. Our tour definitely showed the drastic changes in different cultures' art. Each culture and era presents very distinct characteristics. Through time and experimentation, we have expressed our views of the human body clearly with our art. Egyptians were the first people to make a large impact on the world of art. Egyptians needed art for their religious beliefs more than decoration or self-gratification. The most important aspect of Egyptian life is the ka, the part of the human spirit that lives on after death. The ka needed a physical place to occupy or it would disappear. Most of the important men of Egypt paid to have their body carved out of stone. That was were the spirit would live after the man dies. They used stone because it was the strongest material they could find. Longevity was very important. The bodies are always idealized and clothed. Figures are very rigid, close-fisted, and are built on a vertical axis to show that the person is grand or intimidating. Most of the figures were seen in the same: profile of the legs, frontal view of the torso, and profile of the head. Like most civilizations, Egyptians put a lot of faith in gods. The sky god Horus, a bird, is found in a great amount of Egyptian art. Little recognition was ever given to the artists. The emphasis was on the patron. Early Greek art was greatly influenced by the Egyptians. Geography permitted both cultures to exchange their talents. The beginning of Greek art is marked by the Geometric phase. The most common art during the Geometric phase was vase painting. After the vase was formed but before it was painted, the artist applied a slip (dark pigment) to outside. Then the vase was fired and the artist would incise his decorations into the hard shell. It was important to incise humans into the fired slip and not paint with slip. The people in the pictures needed light colored skin, which was the color beneath the slip, because Greeks wanted to make their art as realistic as possible. Much like Egyptian art, the Greeks idealized the bodies of the people in their works. As the Archaic Period evolved, Greek sculptures were almost identical to the Egyptians'. Unlike Egyptians, the Greeks refined their techniques. Greeks used marble to construct their sculptures. It was considered more valuable and beautiful than any material available. They softened the lines of the body. Greek sculptors slowly perfected every contour in the human figure. Greek people viewed the human body as something beautiful and so they depicted nude men. Women were eventually nude but only when there was a reason, they needed to be bathing or something where they would be naked. They people that are sculpted are always young and their bodies are still idealized. The Greeks invented contrapposto, the relaxed natural stance of a sculpture. A figure that is standing in contrapposto becomes a sculpture in the round, meaning that the emphasis is not only on a frontal view but also from all angles. The Hellenistic Period emerged as the Romans began to produce some of the finest art in history. This new revolutionary style was incredible. Figures weren't confined to the unnatural or boring positions they had for centuries. All body parts were in perfect proportion. These statues came alive as their limbs reached out into space. Vacant stares evolved into human emotions, which were easily recognized on their faces. I think this renaissance portrayed the way people were thinking. They were exploring philosophy, religion, and politics. This was a time for rebirth. Christian art was introduced during the middle of the second century. In many cases the only difference between Christian art and Hellenistic art is the religious subject matter. After a slow start the Christians introduced something new, the mosaic. Mosaics became a favorite medium for decorating churches. Man was viewed in religious scenes due to the spread of Christianity. Byzantine and medieval art was very representative. The artists' ability to produce lifelike figures had regressed. The emphasis was not on man anymore. Their art was made to glorify God. The fifteenth century marked the arrival of the Renaissance. Artists have finally recaptured the amazing detail and realism that the Greeks and Romans perfected. Artists pushed the

UK Revised Combined Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Revised Combined Code - Essay Example Following the Enron report, two review committees were commissioned by the UK Financial Reporting Council (FRC) to review UK corporate governance2. The two independent review reports - the Higgs Report on Non-Executive Directors and the Smith Report on Audit Committees, were published in January 2003 and form the bases for the revised Code [also see Higgs review (2003) and Smith review (2003)]. In this analysis the features of the revised combined code will be discussed along with studies to show and suggest whether the implementation of this code is likely to improve the effectiveness of corporate governance for listed companies. The revised code contains 14 principles for companies supported by 48 code provisions. Many aspects of the revised code have remained unchanged from the original code although there have been many important changes. The code suggests that the board should comprise of independent non-executive directors along with executive directors and the code contains guidance on the meaning of independent directors emphasizing on independence as an important measure (Long et al, 2005). It also lays down the rule that the role of chairman and chief executive should not be a position taken by the same person (in Combined Code, 2003). The chairman should be independent and only in certain exceptional cases, the chairman can also be a former chief executive. It has also been suggested that the position of a senior independent non-executive director should be included. This new position of senior independent non-executive director shows that the director must be identified in the annual report and al so be given specific responsibilities (Long et al, 2005). The other specifications of the revised code show that all listed companies should have an audit committee, a nomination committee and a remuneration committee. The audit and remuneration committees should have at least three members and all the members should be independent non executive directors3. The majority of the members are expected to be independent non executive directors and the committee is also headed by the chairman who is an independent non executive director (Long et al, 2005; Chambers 2005)4. The code also specifies that at least one member of the audit committee must be a financial expert or a person with the relevant financial experience and having membership with a professional accountancy body. The code highlights on performance evaluation and regular monitoring and emphasises on the performance evaluation of board members and the committees and executive directors (Combined Code, 2003; Directors' Remuneration Report, 2002). The annual report should include a disclosure on the performance evaluation process. The external auditors are important as well and the audit committee is given the primary responsibility of making a recommendation on the appointment, reappointment and removal of external auditors. The audit committee is given the responsibility to develop and implement policy on engagement or taking services of the external auditor to supply non-audit services. The Audit Committee states in its report that the

The wealth and poverty of nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The wealth and poverty of nations - Essay Example Other people in the world should try to understand how the expansionists Europeans have grown very rich. He also stated that relative poverty today is the result of failure on the part of political, religious and mercantile elites to pass the tests of maintaining and regaining independence from and assimilating the technologies demonstrated by the people from Europe (DeLong, 1998). Landes demonstrated that Europe was the center and basis of economic development. He also pointed out that the reason why Eurasian civilizations had an edge in technological advancement over non-Eurasian is the climate. According to Landes, it is impossible for human beings to live in any numbers in â€Å"temperate† climates before the invention of fire, housing, tanning, but that once the technological capability to live where it snows has been gained, the "temperate" climates allowed a higher material standard of living (DeLong, 1998). I am not really convinced about this argument that Landes had presented. Though, I can say that climate can be one of the factors affecting the developments of an economy, it need not be of great impact as what Landes had pointed out. In our world today, a lot of counties gifted with rich natural resources and great climate are suffering from great economic issues and belonged to the less developed countries.

Antebellum Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antebellum Period - Essay Example The reform movements during the late antebellum period aimed at securing equality among the citizens of United States. This period marked the beginning of the search for democracy, justice and equality in the United States history. The era of reform during the late antebellum period got marked by significant reform movements. One of the movements got to be the second great awakening which got characterized by massive religious revivals (Brands 292). Religious revivalism oversaw the birth of women’s rights movements, abolition of slavery and the temperance movement. The temperance movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption as a way of promoting morality within the society (Brands 295). Religious reform became viewed as a way towards order and cultural unity. There was the birth of the abolitionist movement which campaigned for the abolition of slavery in the United States. This movement grew out of the moral persuasion that human bondage was morally wrong. They called for e mancipation of slaves especially in the south. Protests against slavery grew during this period. They faced great resistance from southern slaveholders who viewed abolition of slavery as a loss of free labor (Brands 303). The women’s right movement got formed during the antebellum era. Many women called for equality and political right to vote. They also rejected the doctrine of separate spheres by calling for gender equality. Women aimed to change unfair laws, which provided husbands with the right to control property and children. The women’s rights movement got born in Seneca Falls, New York during a convention that took place for two days (Brands 308). Young America was a movement in the 1840s and 50s. It was a collection of writers, politicians, and entrepreneurs who viewed themselves as the force of young America. This era marked a period when America was experiencing economic growth, technological advancement and expansion of its territories (Brands 314). The yo ung Americans era marked the birth of democracy in the United States although restricted to gender and race or color. The new found democracy got associated with the election of Andrew Jackson as president who won by popular vote. Political democracy got marked by suffrage of all white men (Brands 247). Social democracy took the form of equal citizenship and opportunity for all though, it became limited to race and gender. This era also marked the disappearance of social aristocracy and inherited social ranks. Equality became marked by the abolishment of certain legal requirements for different professions ensuring that academically qualified and non academically qualified individuals practiced together ensuring fair competition (Brands 248). Conclusion The era of reform and the democracy of young America can be related. Both trends aimed at social reforms. The era of reform aimed at ensuring moral suasion in society through religious reforms by ensuring individual and public morali ty (Brands 292). Democracy of young America aimed at ensuring equity among all citizens although it limited itself to race and gender. Equal opportunity was to be provided for all white men (Brands 247). Both trends got political. The era of reform instigated the birth of women’s right and the abolitionist movements. Women’s right movement called for equity in rights and laws pertaining to both gender. The abolitionist movement called for an end to slavery (Brands 302). The young Americ