Roots of Hip Hop - 968 Words

â€Å"The Roots and Stylistic Foundations of the Rap Music and Tradition† Hip-Hop as well as many other artistic cultural forms we practice today can be related back to African culture and various traditions. Author of The Roots and Stylistic Foundations of the Rap Music and Tradition, Cheryl Keyes, discuss’ the spirit, style, tradition, emotions, culture and the delivery of music. Keyes says that many of these practices can be traced back to the West Afrikan Bardic Tradition in particular. When asking many old-school, and culturally involved hip-hop artists about the roots and origins of rap/hip-hop music many of them will refer to Africa. In our culture hip-hop is considered a form of art and it is important that we know its origins†¦show more content†¦For instance, young children are always told by parents â€Å"I wish you knew you school work like you know the words to that song.† It is often easier for one to interpret a lesson in a fun manner/music which made its easy for the children to comprehend lessons passed from the griot. This is how the MC’s of hip-hop communicate and interacts with their crowds at different performances or concerts, through call and response, â€Å"When I say Hey you say Ho, and so on.† In African culture music is used to teach, uplift spirits and celebrate the drumbeat is set on a two and a four (the pace of a heartbeat). The practice of a drumbeat set on a two and a four is still used today in hip-hop and many other forms of music. A lot of African and African American creativity and art is a direct action to our oppression. Keyes references two terms in her essay nyama and nommo, Nyama Be Kuma La meaning the energy of action is in speech and Nommo meaning power of the word. Both the terms nyama and nommo have the power to move or persuade in reference to hip-hop culture. The term nyama is somewhat parallel to the idea of crowd interaction in the hip-hop world (ie. Concerts and Interactive performances). The term nommo in reference to persuasion is the use of expression of life’s twists and turns through music. Many artist tend to write about personal feelings in which listeners often can relate to, this here is similar to the reasons slaves created the â€Å"invisibleShow MoreRelatedHip Hop : The Root Of Black Culture1877 Words   |  8 Pages Hip-hop is the root of black culture. Hip-hop is the insight to black communities and was created in the ghetto (unprivileged black communities in North America). It was a will response to systematic violence in the community. To better understand hip-hop and the issue of gender one must question â€Å"at what point did violence, sexism, and homophobia become primary components of a subculture that once was founded on refusal of gang violence and the harmful side of street life and when did black womenRead MoreWomen Of Hip Hop Culture Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesWomen have decided to consume hip hop regardless of the sexism and machismo of their rap artist spouses. Historically, black women who have sex with other women haven’t been recognized in the Black community. Also, the expectations are the same in hip hop culture because men reject lesbians. An example is the murder in 2003 of Sakia Gunn after she declared her lesbian identity to a group of males. We all know that in hip hop culture men predominate and precisely masculine. Women can achieve a higherRead MoreFormal And Informal Dance At Hip Hop1090 Words   |  5 Pagesmore clubs used hip hop DJs, especially in the bigger cities, and all types of dancers with different skills would dance their way to the middle of the dance floor. Formal and informal competitions would often happen. Informal competitions would happen when a few true dancers were noticed on the dance floor, the rest of the people would back off and watch the leaders battle it out. The informal dance competitions became common and popular they became part of the night at hip hop clubs. This competitiveRead MoreRussell Simmons787 Words   |  4 PagesRussell Simmons has been successful because he turned an idea into an opportunity. Mariotti and Glackin (2013) states while Russell attend college he saw an opportunity in the underground music genre Hip-hop (p.154). From that moment on Russell knew he could capitalize off hip- hop. Not only did Russell take a chance on an opportunity, he formed a great record label with his friend Rick Rubin called Def Jam Records. However his success did not stop there Russell went on to create a clothing lineRead More Hip-Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pages Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s mostly African American and Puerto Rican residents originated this uniquely American musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global sensation impacting the formation of youth culture around the world. The South Bronx was a whirlpool of political, social, and economic upheaval in the years leading up to the inception of Hip-Hop. The early partRead MoreWild Style, directed by Charlie Ahearn Essays558 Words   |  3 PagesWild Style (1983) was a film that documented the real world of hip hop before most people even knew wha t hip hop was. This movie brings about the four crucial elements of hip hop - emceeing, graffiti, break-dancing, and deejaying. These features are the backdrop to the story of a graffiti artist named Raymond who lives in the South Bronx that goes by the name â€Å"Zoro†, who is played by well-known New York graffiti artist Lee Quinones. The movie goes through the tribulations of his life and relationshipRead MoreHip Hop Dance : Dance1287 Words   |  6 Pages Hip-hop dance refers to street dance styles primarily performed to Hip-hop music or that have evolved as part of hip-hop culture. Hip-hop dance was created in the 1970’s, this type of dance includes a variety of different styles such as: uprock, break dance also known as â€Å"breaking†, and funky styles. There are just so many different components to hip-hop dance. Hip-hop dance constantly builds up from it’s roots. Each dance builds off of one another in a unique way. Hip-hop dance is very int erestingRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1646 Words   |  7 Pages In hip-hop and rap, one of the most important aspects of the songs is the words. It is all about the meaning and the kind of message or story the artist is trying to convey to the listener. One artist who has emerged in the last 27 years who exemplifies this part of hip-hop, is George Watsky, or as he is more commonly known as, Watsky. Watsky, a progressive hip-hop artist, draws upon the roots and stylings of early and 90s hip-hop, while also adding contemporary social commentary into his poeticRead MoreDifferences And Similarities Between Hip-Hop And R B786 Words   |  4 PagesAs we know Hip-Hop and RB contain many similarities they also share many differences. There are beauty and greatness in all music Hip-Hop, and RB when I listen to two these genres I tend to notice the differences and the same that they have. The two has the same and difference lyric, tone and melodies The birth of RB was created by African American in the early 1960’s from Soul music, Jazz, Gospel, Pop music and Blues as time went on RB was born. In its earlier days, RB Music was all about racialRead More Hip Hop vs. Ethics Essay1665 Words   |  7 PagesEthics of The Music Industry Works Cited Not Included Hip-hop culture has been socially labeled as deviant, a counter-culture, un-American because of its lack of moral. Specifically, gangsta rap which glorifies guns, sex, violence, drug use and gang activity has been castigated. This type of rap promotes a nonconformist and rebel adaptive behavior. As a result, it gives hip-hop culture a deviant label. A simple definition of deviance is behavior that does not conform to group-shared norms;

Civil Rights Leaders - 3949 Words

Civil Rights The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance. In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people. Table of Contents Malcolm X†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg. 3 - 5 Martin Luther King Jr. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg. 6-7 Rosa†¦show more content†¦King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, among several other honors. King was assassinated in April 1968, and continues to be remembered as one of the most lauded African-American leaders in history, often referenced by his 1963 speech, I Have a Dream. Quotes Ive seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. Rosa Parks [pic] Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called the first lady of civil rights and the mother of the freedom movement. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blakes order that she give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps in the twentieth century, including Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1955, and the members of the Browder v. Gayle lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) arrested months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation lawsShow MoreRelatedThe Great Leaders Of The Civil Rights Movement1563 Words   |  7 Pagesas those that were seen as the big leaders. For example, in the American Revolution, the people that usually come to mind are George Washington, Paul Revere, and Thomas Jefferson. What about the peop le who were injured, scared and killed because of this bloody war? They seem to be forgotten until they are highlighted once again. Another example of a person that was not really highlighted for their actions is Nina Simone. She made an impact on the Civil Right Movement that not many other artistRead MoreLeaders of The Civil Rights Movement970 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. Michael King was an amazing Civil Rights movement leader. At a young age he knew racism was not only bad against his race, but was against God’s will. He was raised with the church background of The Dexter Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. believed everyone was equal, he fought for African American rights, and spoke for equality until the end. Martin Luther King Jr. always knew everyone was equal. No matter what race you are, you are just as equalRead MoreCivil Rights Leader And Lawyer1606 Words   |  7 Pages Civil Rights Leader and Lawyer: Constance Baker Motley (1921-2005) Her Drive, Struggles and Achievements What is freedom? Freedom is the state of being free without any confinement mentally or physically. It is the liberty from any external control or any restriction from the simple things in life. Africans were free before the Europeans started sailing across the ocean. The Native Americans were the original slaves in the United States but they were dying rapidly. The Europeans settled inRead MoreGreat Civil Rights Leaders538 Words   |  2 PagesWhen the subject of civil rights comes up, there are a few significant names that come to mind: Harriet Tubman, Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr. These individuals are widely recognized for their public acts to strive toward the equality of all mankind. One man who can be included in this list of great civil rights leaders is Nelson Mandela. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born into the Madiba clan on July 18th, 1918. As the son of a king, he was recognized as a â€Å"royal† In his clan; howeverRead MoreThe Importance of the Civil Rights Leaders Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagessacrifices and risk that civil right leaders had to make. Civil right leaders constantly risk their lives and their freedom. Civil right leaders fought for equality and freedom for African Americans. Over 70% of African Americans were experiencing segregation and discrimination during the civil right movement. African Americans only had one another for support, so during this time African Americans appreciated civil right leaders. During the civil rights movement, many leaders helped African AmericansRead MoreInfluential Leaders Of The Civil Rights Movement1016 Words   |  5 Pagesformal charismatic leaders in the movement, there was not a situation in which a woman could be a charismatic leader. Ella Baker, highly critical of King, the charismatic leadership in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and of charismatic leadership in general, believed that group-centered leadership was the answer. She believed that through combined effort and inner strength much could be accomplished by the people. To Baker, charismatic leadership was a single-leader centered model thatRead MoreA Brief Note On Civil Rights Leaders And The Media Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesCOMM 205 Third Research – Civil Rights Leaders and The Media Millie Brasser 11/07/2016 MALCOM X 1925 -1965 Maxlcom X was born on May 19, in Omaham Nebraska, also knows as Hajj Malik Elshbazz, His family lived in in Omahan his father was a preacher of a Baptist church he was an active man where he dedicated himself to preaching to the community of blacks his father Belonged to a movement called Marcus Garvey. Maxlcom X and his family received many threats from the Ku-klux klan group where manyRead MoreThe Second Concept Leaders And The Civil Rights Movement987 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept leaders must account is what followers are accustomed to. All three leaders discussed above had an easier transition, because all three countries were familiar with male leaders. This is typical because male leaders are sought to give stability and safety (Thoroughgood). Germany and Cuba would not have accepted anything other than a strong and confident male leader. The situation Jim Jones was in was slightly different due to the numerous male leaders who supported both sides of the Civil RightsRead More The Civil Rights Movement and African American Leaders550 Words   |  2 Pageswere treated very badly and they had supposedly going to have a better way of life after WWII. Keep reading to find out how African Americans struggled for equality in voting and the opportunity for a good quality education. First, African American leaders argued that everyone should be treated equally. They wanted black African American men to be able to vote just like the white American men did. The whites refused to allow the blacks to vote. They threatened and beat the blacks, the â€Å"Jim Crow† lawsRead MoreMalcolm X : An Influential Leader Of The Civil Rights Era1556 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X was one of the most influential leaders of the civil rights era, along with Martin Luther King Jr. I have chosen this speech because I think it shows prime examples of rhetoric. This speech was very important to the people of the civil rights movement as it motivated and empowered them not to back down and to fight back with force. He was adamant in his resistance to white oppression and very militant in his actions. He both invigorated and separated the African Americans through

Legal And Professional Issues in Nursing

Question: Discuss about theLegal And Professional Issues in Nursing. Answer: 1. As per details of Marion case and observed conflict the treatment team should respond in a diplomatic manner because the case requires analysis on legal as well as the ethical dilemma. In the provided case scenario, the legal and ethical considerations typically favour towards the medical priority to save the life of the mother or living individual. Further, the availability of Advance Care Directive indicating Marion desire of not taking treatment in these circumstances clearly designates that medical professionals need to follow the directions of Marions parents (Griffith and Tengnah, 2014). Kalaitzidis and Schmitz (2012) indicated that in the absence of advance directive the decision or viewpoint of the vulnerable spouse is taken into under consideration to make a medical decision, but the availability of advance care directive the indications in the living will is required to be followed by medical professionals. Further, Kluge (2011) studied that moral personhood also support considering mother as an individual person prior to foetuses. The unborn foetus is subordinate of pregnant women. in provided case scenario, the advance care directive of Marion works as an informed consent where her viewpoint and health requirements are clearly mentioned. Therefore, the healthcare professional needs to follow the directions of Marion parents considering the welfare of both mother and foetus. However, Suhonen et al. (2011) indicated that it is always the priority to save the mother unless it is not possible, then the priority is to save the child too. The ethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence generally conflict in such situation. Therefore, in the present situation as Marion is possible in the critical stage of life, therefore, in this complex situation the healthcare professional has option to save child where it is impossible to save Marion. 2. In the present case scenario, MO can respond to Jess by providing her with other treatment option available for her aggressive malignancy rather than chemotherapy because Jess made a refusal to chemotherapy in front of her parents. Further, the Advance Care Directive provided by Jess is not valid because She is not an adult yet. Jess is only 15 years by age, therefore, her ACD is not a valid one. However, her viewpoint regarding her treatment option is correct as rejected multiple blood transfusion by her parents basically to support their religious beliefs is not a valid decision (Butts and Rich, 2012). According to Austin (2012), medical health professional needs to respect human dignity as well as autonomy to provide healthcare services in an effective manner. In this case scenario, a conflict arises between the autonomy of Jess where she persists individual right to choose treatment for her welfare and human dignity of her parents religious beliefs. However, Jess refusal of chemotherapy in front of her parents is not a valid and proper decision. This decision created a controversial situation regarding her treatment. Further, as the Advanced Care Directive of Jess is not a valid one as per legal rules, therefore, Tom can never act on her behalf, as she is not an adult. Tom cant even order or permit blood transfusion on behalf of Jess because Jess is in the complete conscious state of mind. Jess herself need to take a decision regarding her treatment option along with her parents consent. Tom on behalf of Jess, can make no healthcare decision. 3. In the provided case scenario, the treatment refusal provided by Kerry is not a valid refusal and can never be considered appropriate to stop her treatment process. Any advanced directive or living will or legal considerations do not support this refusal of Kerry Catel. In the manner to support her decision and fulfilment of her wishes, Kerry needs to get an Advanced Care Directive developed for her. Marianna (2011) indicated that decision-making capacity gets weakened with increasing age, therefore, in elder ages if the patient is facing critical illness or having end-of-life care they should properly get an advanced care directive developed for themselves to compensate their willingness to continue or terminate treatment. Further, for getting her wishes upheld, Kerry needs to develop a proper decision regarding her care requirements, discuss her treatment preference with her family members, formally informing and appointing enduring guardian or decision-maker and lastly, develop her advance care directive for fulfilling her wish of terminating her treatment (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2013). According to Austin (2012), the end-of-life and critical care decision are most effective if they are based on overall viewpoint and acceptance by care providers, patients and their families. 4. In the provided case scenario, the request of Dr. Ron getting video shut performed of surgery is not a reasonable request. This request harnesses the patient confidentiality, human dignity and respect for autonomy. Further, this act is completely against the legal consideration that supports patient rights, privacy and confidentiality. As per medical ethics, it is not applicable to capture the surgical processes just for the personal pleasure, social entertainment or personal desire without patient consent (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2013). However, Marianna (2011) stated that even with the informed patient consent the act of shutting for personal pleasure in clinical premises is not an acceptable action in the healthcare profession. Jane should have simply rejected or stopped or performed whistleblowing in response to this request of her senior orthopaedic surgeon, Dr Ron Practice. To justify her ethical consideration of beneficence, Jane should have rejected this request of her senior that is also supported by her legal obligation duty of care. As the conduct was unethical as well as illegal, Jane should have filled complain against her senior either in form of whistleblowing or reporting her supervisor. Jess didnt act appropriately because it is not ethically and legally valid to access the personal details of the patient. Kalaitzidis and Schmitz (2012) indicated that both statute and common law state that every healthcare professional needs to respect patient privacy, confidentiality and rights. By accessing the electronic data of patient Tony without any specific reason Jess has disrespected her ethical as well as legal obligations. Marianna (2011) stated that disclosure of patient information without any clinical or justified reason can also result in termination and offensive allegation. Therefore, the action of Jess accessing patient information for personal interest is surely an inappropriate action as a medical professional. References Books Burkhardt, M. A., and Nathaniel, A. 2013.Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Boston: Cengage Learning. Butts, J. B., and Rich, K. L. 2012.Nursing ethics. Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Griffith, R., and Tengnah, C. 2014.Law and professional issues in nursing. United Kingdom: Learning Matters. Journals Austin, W., 2012, March. Moral distress and the contemporary plight of health professionals. InHEC forum(Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 27-38). Springer Netherlands. Huang, C. C., You, C. S., and Tsai, M. T. 2012. A multidimensional analysis of ethical climate, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors.Nursing Ethics,19(4), pp. 513-529. Kalaitzidis, E. and Schmitz, K., 2012. A study of an ethics education topic for undergraduate nursing students.Nurse education today,32(1), pp.111-115. Kluge, E.H.W., 2011. Ethical and legal challenges for health telematics in a global world: telehealth and the technological imperative.International Journal of Medical Informatics,80(2), pp.e1-e5. Marianna, M., 2011. What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?.Health Science Journal. 23. Suhonen, R., Stolt, M., Virtanen, H. and Leino-Kilpi, H., 2011. Organizational ethics: a literature review.Nursing ethics,18(3), pp.285-303.

Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 Essay Example

Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 Essay In this essay we will be looking at the immense contrast that occurs between: Tybalt and Romeo. The play is called: Romeo and Juliet and was written by: William Shakespeare in 1589. Besides talking about the contrast that exists in Act 1 Scene 5, I will be discussing other topics that connected to this scene. They are: stagecraft, subject and theme, characters and language. As members of the audience, we distinguish that Shakespeare had deliberately made us notice about how these two characters are contrast to each other. In Act 1 Scene 5, Romeo instantly strides into this scene furthermore is very keen to find his love. At this point, Romeo does not know about sweet Juliets existence but is ironically in love with Rosaline. When we meet Juliet for the first time, in a blink of an eye Romeo gazes and glares at her beauty. This is shown when he says: What lady is that which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight, Romeo has just seen Juliet for the first time and already is madly in love with her. The way he speaks shows that he is calm and a passionate loving character. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the other hand in an entire contrast, Tybalt enters the scene as a cold blooded character; his presence changes the whole mood and atmosphere of the whole scene on stage. Ironically, just after Romeo has talked about loving and caring feelings towards Juliet also about how beautiful she is. Tybalt has jus entered and in a complete contrast of dialogue, his first words are: This, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier boy what dares the slave. Shakespeare has intentionally put these two characters language together to make us see that how both characters are staged in this scene. Romeo enters disguised with a mask, almost a hint of mysteriousness in him, whereas Tybalt enters already fuming and full of wrath. The scene starts off uplifting and jovial. The servants are cleaning and preparing for the festivity. Romeo enters in a calm atmosphere, he brings a joyful presence towards the beginning of the scene and the atmosphere stays uplifting. There is lots of music, lots of dancing and very merry imaging in the scene. The thing that strikes most about the scene and the thing that also stands out the most is when you see the characters speaking after one another. We, being the audience, very quickly hear Romeos voice and then hear Tybalts voice straight after but they speak about different things. Romeo talks about love, this is shown when he says worlds such as: bright and enrich. These are positive images portraying light and soft images. As members of the audience, we can see that Romeo is eager to love whereas Tybalt is eager to hate. In a gigantic contrast Tybalt talks about killing. This is shown when he says quote words such as: rapier and slave. Tybalt is eager to kill. Romeo speaks soft and calm while Tybalts voice is full of anger and rage; he speaks in a rather rude manner. Rapier: this is a key word in this scene because we can see how Tybalt speaks and how language is portrayed in this scene. Tybalt is very determined to fight Romeo even though he has hardly known him. The audience therefore can see how eager he is to slay innocent Romeo as the innocent and Tybalt as the villain. To call Romeo a villain is very ironic because, in actual fact Tybalt is the villain as he is eager to kill Romeo and to call him a villain is clearly absurd. Also, bright is another keyword in this scene because we can see how Romeo speaks: calmer, loving and speaks in a complete contrast to Tybalt. Romeo speaks metaphorically here; almost in a sonnet form. This is shown when he says: Have not saints lips. And holy palmers to, Romeo is talking about light, whereas Tybalt talks in a dark presence and changes the whole atmosphere and causes a mass conflict and friction between the characters. Shakespeare has used a large amount contrast and irony because, he jumps from love to hate all the time and this is shown when Romeo Tybalts lines are deliberately put together. In doing this, Shakespeare had let the audience know about the characters feelings emotions towards to each other, whilst Romeo wants to love, but in a complete contrast Tybalt wants to hate. We could imagine this on stage, where Romeo could have white light shining down at him and calm music being played in the background, which creates a good impression on the audience. Tybalt can stand with a cigar in his hand and a sword in the other one. He could have dark light shining on him and he can have fast, depressing music in the background. From this essay we can distinguish that there is a huge contrast between these two characters. Shakespeare purposely put certain lines together, to make us members of the audience acknowledge about the characters. Doing this we can see that Romeo is: calm, loving and passionate, whereas Tybalt is angry, impatient, egotistic and selfish. Revenge, hatred and rage is clearly shown from Tybalt and then love and peace from Romeo. In this essay we talked about stagecraft, subject and theme, characters, language, irony and of course contrast. We can also see the characters motivation that may lead to unexpected events that occur in up coming scenes. The scene started off jovial and uplifting but, as the scene gradually continued, we unpacked Tybalt and Romeo to see how we can perceive them now. As members of the audience, we can acknowledge that there is a huge contrast between the both characters. From this essay I feel that Shakespeare has deliberately put these two lines together to make us see the huge contrast that exists from the scene, and how the other topics that I talked about integrated in to this essay. Thinking back to the question I was asked to talk about: Thinking about characters of Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet; discuss the contrast in act 1 scene 5. I feel I have definitely discussed the question.

Gambling And Crime Rate Essays - Gambling In The United States

Gambling And Crime Rate Many factors have influenced the rising crime rate, some being, increasing use of drugs, increasing population, and decreasing morals. America must find ways to decrease the crime rate legally. One question often going hand in hand with decreasing crime rate is would legalized gambling decrease the crime rate? During the late 1980s and early 1990s slow economic growth, cuts in federal funding, and growing public needs forced state and local governments to seek additional sources of revenue. Most states turned to lotteries, horse and dog racing, and most recently a growing number of states have resorted to casino gambling as a painless way to raise money. Case studies show that legal casino gaming can increase tourism, employment, sales of noncasino goods, and tax revenues (Cabot 1). For example, The New Jersey Casino Control Act of 1977 states legalized casino gambling has been approved by the citizens of New Jersey as a unique tool of urban redevelopment for Atlantic City (Thompson 144). Legalized gambling provides a major new source of revenue for the state (Kurk 1). Even though 48 states have some form of legalized gambling such as lotteries, horse racing, casinos, riverboat and Indian casinos, casino gambling still remains illegal in most states (NCALG 2). Casino gambling, which was once limited to two states, is now legal in twenty-one states. Some states are Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and South Dakota. Over time we have seen a change in the gambling market. At one time, only Bingo parlors could be found on Native American reservations. Today almost one hundred casinos are operating in twenty-one states (Begun, Siegal, and Jacobs 29). There are five types of legal gambling in the United States: bingo, lotteries, pari-mutual betting, off track betting and casinos. Bingo is the most common form of legalized gambling; forty-six states participate in legal Bingo. Forty-three states permit thoroughbred horse racing, Lotteries are allowed in thirty-seven states, and only twenty-one states permit casino gambling (Begun et al. 27). Illegal gambling like legal gambling is deeply rooted into American Society. Despite innumerable federal and state laws, illegal gambling still remains a part of American life. The four principal forms of illegal gambling are numbers, horse books, sports books, and sports cards. The numbers game is a sideline game of the lotteries. Originally, lotteries were used to raise money for civic or charitable causes, while numbers was played to earn money for the Lottery Company. It is commonly believed that the numbers game gave rise to gambling syndicates ( 132). Betting on horses or Horse books is run by a bookie. The racetrack-licensed bookies to accept bets at the tracks, for that privilege, bookies paid the racetrack operators a daily fee, usually around $100 a day. The most popular form of illegal gambling is gambling on sporting events (133). There are four states that allow betting on sports, these are Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and Oregon (PBS 1). Some estimate that professiona l football alone attracts $50 billion in wages per season (Begun et al. 133). Sports cards are very popular for the $1 to $10 sports bettor. Sports cards are also run by a bookie. A bettor selects a team that he or she thinks will win and tears off a card stub and submits the cards before the start of the game (134). There has been an increase in the use of loopholes in the government, an example of this would be gambling on cruise ships. In 1992, Congress was forced to approve a general maritime law (PL-102-251). This law permitted gambling on American registered cruise ships once they were more than 3 miles offshore, on international voyages. This law possessed one flaw. Out of over 100 American docked ships, only 2 percent were American registered. These foreign registered ships were also operating casinos offshore. This forced California to pass a new law, only months later. This law (AB3769) banned gambling on foreign registered ships (Begun et. al 13). With the rise of legalized gambling, many politicians have brought up the question as to whether legalized gambling would decrease the crime rate? As cardrooms and gambling facilities have grown nationwide, the issue has divided many communities. Concern has reached Washington, D.C., where the House Of

Art Expression Essays - Visual Arts, Painting, Art History

Art Expression Essays - Visual Arts, Painting, Art History Art Expression Before the portrayal of the human body can be critiqued, you must understand the artist's culture. As man evolved over centuries, his views of the body also transformed. Our tour definitely showed the drastic changes in different cultures' art. Each culture and era presents very distinct characteristics. Through time and experimentation, we have expressed our views of the human body clearly with our art. Egyptians were the first people to make a large impact on the world of art. Egyptians needed art for their religious beliefs more than decoration or self-gratification. The most important aspect of Egyptian life is the ka, the part of the human spirit that lives on after death. The ka needed a physical place to occupy or it would disappear. Most of the important men of Egypt paid to have their body carved out of stone. That was were the spirit would live after the man dies. They used stone because it was the strongest material they could find. Longevity was very important. The bodies are always idealized and clothed. Figures are very rigid, close-fisted, and are built on a vertical axis to show that the person is grand or intimidating. Most of the figures were seen in the same: profile of the legs, frontal view of the torso, and profile of the head. Like most civilizations, Egyptians put a lot of faith in gods. The sky god Horus, a bird, is found in a great amount of Egyptian art. Little recognition was ever given to the artists. The emphasis was on the patron. Early Greek art was greatly influenced by the Egyptians. Geography permitted both cultures to exchange their talents. The beginning of Greek art is marked by the Geometric phase. The most common art during the Geometric phase was vase painting. After the vase was formed but before it was painted, the artist applied a slip (dark pigment) to outside. Then the vase was fired and the artist would incise his decorations into the hard shell. It was important to incise humans into the fired slip and not paint with slip. The people in the pictures needed light colored skin, which was the color beneath the slip, because Greeks wanted to make their art as realistic as possible. Much like Egyptian art, the Greeks idealized the bodies of the people in their works. As the Archaic Period evolved, Greek sculptures were almost identical to the Egyptians'. Unlike Egyptians, the Greeks refined their techniques. Greeks used marble to construct their sculptures. It was considered more valuable and beautiful than any material available. They softened the lines of the body. Greek sculptors slowly perfected every contour in the human figure. Greek people viewed the human body as something beautiful and so they depicted nude men. Women were eventually nude but only when there was a reason, they needed to be bathing or something where they would be naked. They people that are sculpted are always young and their bodies are still idealized. The Greeks invented contrapposto, the relaxed natural stance of a sculpture. A figure that is standing in contrapposto becomes a sculpture in the round, meaning that the emphasis is not only on a frontal view but also from all angles. The Hellenistic Period emerged as the Romans began to produce some of the finest art in history. This new revolutionary style was incredible. Figures weren't confined to the unnatural or boring positions they had for centuries. All body parts were in perfect proportion. These statues came alive as their limbs reached out into space. Vacant stares evolved into human emotions, which were easily recognized on their faces. I think this renaissance portrayed the way people were thinking. They were exploring philosophy, religion, and politics. This was a time for rebirth. Christian art was introduced during the middle of the second century. In many cases the only difference between Christian art and Hellenistic art is the religious subject matter. After a slow start the Christians introduced something new, the mosaic. Mosaics became a favorite medium for decorating churches. Man was viewed in religious scenes due to the spread of Christianity. Byzantine and medieval art was very representative. The artists' ability to produce lifelike figures had regressed. The emphasis was not on man anymore. Their art was made to glorify God. The fifteenth century marked the arrival of the Renaissance. Artists have finally recaptured the amazing detail and realism that the Greeks and Romans perfected. Artists pushed the

UK Revised Combined Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Revised Combined Code - Essay Example Following the Enron report, two review committees were commissioned by the UK Financial Reporting Council (FRC) to review UK corporate governance2. The two independent review reports - the Higgs Report on Non-Executive Directors and the Smith Report on Audit Committees, were published in January 2003 and form the bases for the revised Code [also see Higgs review (2003) and Smith review (2003)]. In this analysis the features of the revised combined code will be discussed along with studies to show and suggest whether the implementation of this code is likely to improve the effectiveness of corporate governance for listed companies. The revised code contains 14 principles for companies supported by 48 code provisions. Many aspects of the revised code have remained unchanged from the original code although there have been many important changes. The code suggests that the board should comprise of independent non-executive directors along with executive directors and the code contains guidance on the meaning of independent directors emphasizing on independence as an important measure (Long et al, 2005). It also lays down the rule that the role of chairman and chief executive should not be a position taken by the same person (in Combined Code, 2003). The chairman should be independent and only in certain exceptional cases, the chairman can also be a former chief executive. It has also been suggested that the position of a senior independent non-executive director should be included. This new position of senior independent non-executive director shows that the director must be identified in the annual report and al so be given specific responsibilities (Long et al, 2005). The other specifications of the revised code show that all listed companies should have an audit committee, a nomination committee and a remuneration committee. The audit and remuneration committees should have at least three members and all the members should be independent non executive directors3. The majority of the members are expected to be independent non executive directors and the committee is also headed by the chairman who is an independent non executive director (Long et al, 2005; Chambers 2005)4. The code also specifies that at least one member of the audit committee must be a financial expert or a person with the relevant financial experience and having membership with a professional accountancy body. The code highlights on performance evaluation and regular monitoring and emphasises on the performance evaluation of board members and the committees and executive directors (Combined Code, 2003; Directors' Remuneration Report, 2002). The annual report should include a disclosure on the performance evaluation process. The external auditors are important as well and the audit committee is given the primary responsibility of making a recommendation on the appointment, reappointment and removal of external auditors. The audit committee is given the responsibility to develop and implement policy on engagement or taking services of the external auditor to supply non-audit services. The Audit Committee states in its report that the

The wealth and poverty of nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The wealth and poverty of nations - Essay Example Other people in the world should try to understand how the expansionists Europeans have grown very rich. He also stated that relative poverty today is the result of failure on the part of political, religious and mercantile elites to pass the tests of maintaining and regaining independence from and assimilating the technologies demonstrated by the people from Europe (DeLong, 1998). Landes demonstrated that Europe was the center and basis of economic development. He also pointed out that the reason why Eurasian civilizations had an edge in technological advancement over non-Eurasian is the climate. According to Landes, it is impossible for human beings to live in any numbers in â€Å"temperate† climates before the invention of fire, housing, tanning, but that once the technological capability to live where it snows has been gained, the "temperate" climates allowed a higher material standard of living (DeLong, 1998). I am not really convinced about this argument that Landes had presented. Though, I can say that climate can be one of the factors affecting the developments of an economy, it need not be of great impact as what Landes had pointed out. In our world today, a lot of counties gifted with rich natural resources and great climate are suffering from great economic issues and belonged to the less developed countries.

Antebellum Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Antebellum Period - Essay Example The reform movements during the late antebellum period aimed at securing equality among the citizens of United States. This period marked the beginning of the search for democracy, justice and equality in the United States history. The era of reform during the late antebellum period got marked by significant reform movements. One of the movements got to be the second great awakening which got characterized by massive religious revivals (Brands 292). Religious revivalism oversaw the birth of women’s rights movements, abolition of slavery and the temperance movement. The temperance movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption as a way of promoting morality within the society (Brands 295). Religious reform became viewed as a way towards order and cultural unity. There was the birth of the abolitionist movement which campaigned for the abolition of slavery in the United States. This movement grew out of the moral persuasion that human bondage was morally wrong. They called for e mancipation of slaves especially in the south. Protests against slavery grew during this period. They faced great resistance from southern slaveholders who viewed abolition of slavery as a loss of free labor (Brands 303). The women’s right movement got formed during the antebellum era. Many women called for equality and political right to vote. They also rejected the doctrine of separate spheres by calling for gender equality. Women aimed to change unfair laws, which provided husbands with the right to control property and children. The women’s rights movement got born in Seneca Falls, New York during a convention that took place for two days (Brands 308). Young America was a movement in the 1840s and 50s. It was a collection of writers, politicians, and entrepreneurs who viewed themselves as the force of young America. This era marked a period when America was experiencing economic growth, technological advancement and expansion of its territories (Brands 314). The yo ung Americans era marked the birth of democracy in the United States although restricted to gender and race or color. The new found democracy got associated with the election of Andrew Jackson as president who won by popular vote. Political democracy got marked by suffrage of all white men (Brands 247). Social democracy took the form of equal citizenship and opportunity for all though, it became limited to race and gender. This era also marked the disappearance of social aristocracy and inherited social ranks. Equality became marked by the abolishment of certain legal requirements for different professions ensuring that academically qualified and non academically qualified individuals practiced together ensuring fair competition (Brands 248). Conclusion The era of reform and the democracy of young America can be related. Both trends aimed at social reforms. The era of reform aimed at ensuring moral suasion in society through religious reforms by ensuring individual and public morali ty (Brands 292). Democracy of young America aimed at ensuring equity among all citizens although it limited itself to race and gender. Equal opportunity was to be provided for all white men (Brands 247). Both trends got political. The era of reform instigated the birth of women’s right and the abolitionist movements. Women’s right movement called for equity in rights and laws pertaining to both gender. The abolitionist movement called for an end to slavery (Brands 302). The young Americ

A Self Evaluation and Personal Goal Setting

A Self Evaluation and Personal Goal Setting You are about to graduate from the UMA Teacher Certification Program. What are you immediate plans and goals? Well yeah!!! I am going to graduate from UMA Teacher Certification Program and my plans are to further study for Elementary Teaching Certificate and am enrolled with The College of New Jersey for summer course 2010 in Bangkok and from March 1st 2010 I have taken up for my 3 credit courses in Thomas Edison State College, beginning with English. It is a busy schedule for me for a year and a half and my goal is to achieve my target to be a recognized international teacher. Apart from that, my immediate plan is to apply here in international schools to work as a pre-school teacher and end my career working as teaching assistant. What are your long-range plans and goals? My husbands job is transferable and I have to follow him wherever he is been put up and my long term goals are to get settled as a teacher especially for 3 to 4 year old in international schools or even in India. Internationally recognizable is more beneficial because I want to be different from my mom and my other family members who are teachers in local schools in India. Right now in china, I do have a lot of scope to work as Montessori teacher and I will start applying in different schools after I receive my UMA certificate, so am anticipating it with great anxiety. My goals are to nurture each childs desire to learn by himself, learn steadiness, teamwork, encourage positive feelings about oneself and help a child in developing his/her social skills, expressive growth and physical management. How has the Montessori training experience changed your views, outlook, and/or life in general? Montessori studies do have a great impact on my personal behavior and attitude towards children. I have learned how to be patience and loving and caring towards children. I feel myself being prepared spiritually and I do experience these changes in my classroom here where I allow my children free choice with limits. I observe them and try to find out how much they have been upgraded being in class since the day one. I plan a lot of stuffs for each and every child to make them work independently. My dressing style has changed a lot. I used to be a Disney fan and wear a character t -shirt and now I have changed to simple and sober clothes. I place activities on the tables in one corner of my classroom and observe how children perform it and how they take interest in it though I work in a traditional pre-school. I do take these activities during center time and observe children and their joy into learning the activity. I can provide a well prepared environment that meets the development al need of a child. I can help each child realize his/her potential and nurture a life long love for learning in a child. What do you believe are your strengths as a Montessorian? My strengths are patience and friendliness. I am very organized and have a passion for learning. I am creative and love art and music. I am a good communicator and above all I love children a lot. As a Montessorian, I can exhibit my strength in having a thorough knowledge in each activity and show interest in every child through a detailed observation. What do you believe are your weaknesses as a Montessorian? I personally donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t find any weakness in me as such but am a strict teacher and much disciplined person in my life. I would love things to be in the right place and love a clean and neat environment. My greatest weakness is running towards perfection. I love everything to be perfect and also expect everyone near me to be perfect as well. Also I would think that a child should understand when taught once about a topic and should not make us teachers repeat things again and again. I sometimes get on my nerves when things have to be repeated many times to the same child like writing the letters neatly on a 4 lines sheet. My stern looks at times which I think I need to stop and try to be lenient. What aspect of the program do you consider to be the most significant in your personal estimation? Why? The most significant aspect of the program was the Skype calls because my doubts were all cleared so very clearly and patiently and I really liked the amount of dedication it was through my tutor Trudy, which can never be forgotten. Initially I was scared of a Skype call to clear doubts, but it was a great way to learn online and clear doubts and mistakes. I appreciate the efforts taken by my tutor to simplify all my doubts in a short span of chat and very clearly and precisely. Also my evaluations were never harsh or badly evaluated Evaluations were always fair and encouraging in all aspects. Encouraging words were always used that motivated me to dedicate myself to study calmly and now finishing my course on time. Other than having the physical hands-on experience with the materials, do you feel that you are prepared to be an affective Montessori teacher? Why or why not? I am prepared to consider myself as an affective Montessori teacher because I know the basics of what are the qualities and roles of a Montessori teacher and I am anxious to use my potentials for having my own classroom with Montessori materials and then watch the children perform the activities and observe the environment as an eye of a teacher, because till now I have been observing as a Montessori student. I am confident that I can be a better teacher and am willing to learn more and this can be done by experiencing the Montessori environment and so I would love to work as a Montessori teacher if I get a chance to. What final comments do you have for UMA? Thanks. My expectations were exceeded. UMA definitely did so much for me, I can say it helped me get where I am now. UMA nurtured me with so many strengths and taught me so many new things to brighten my future and foresee a new world in front of me. I appreciate UMAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation for academic excellence and educational integrity. UMA provided a flexible and high quality learning opportunity. My tutor was very friendly, helpful and approachable. She was very good, considerate, and sort of shepherded me through my whole course. UMA provided Montessori lessons that provided applicable experience and education. I could work in my own space and pace. I could manage work, home and studies. The education I received from UMA was worth my time and money. How do you foresee UMA being a continued benefit to you in the future? Finishing my Montessori Certificate is like a tremendous leg up for me in terms of marketability. The online studying experience was pleasant and enlightening. I feel validated. I feel qualified. UMA fostered me with a bright career which am sure is going to be very beneficial in my career. The experience was very fulfilling and has given me a lot of strength and a lot more self-esteem. I feel am a step ahead in my career academically and professionally.

The Effects of Global Warming on the Country Columbia :: Environmental Global Climate Change

Global warming is a very serious case, especially on a world wide scale knowing that it poses many extreme problems to different countries. Columbia is an upstart and emergent developing country that is significantly yielded by the issue of global warming. Global warming is caused by certain greenhouse gases that trap in radiation and heat from the sun and earth. These gases have always been produced in past times, but at a level that nature can balance and live by. It is us humans that act as a catalyst to creating and providing for global warming. One main gas, carbon dioxide, is very abundant in Columbia. However, the increase of it’s numbers has raised a serious concern in my country for future problems. Columbia is a vastly developing country, so industries and companies are moving in to make business. Their unlawful and selfish emission of carbon dioxide through power plants and other fossil fuel burning industries raise an eye for concern and show need for a safer law to obey by. For one, Columbia is greatly known for it’s extravagant and plentiful tropical lands. Its tropical forest split in parts by rivers such as the Magdalena, Caqueta and Cauca that produce mass biological life. However, these trees in the forest are large sites for deforestation. Companies that come in Columbia and remove the trees for irrational reasons disturb the balance of life, as well as create global warming problems. For example, trees absorb the carbon dioxide that humans and animals exhale to evenly produce a cycle. With more and more trees in the rain forests in Columbia being cut down, the higher the carbon dioxide level rises. Carbon dioxide changes our earths climate due to the carbon dioxide particles absorbing heat. The more my country loses it’s natural resources, such as trees and forests, the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide gas, increasing the country’s temperature. Columbia is protected from the Pacific Ocean by the illustrious Andes Mountains. The Andes Mountains provide relief from the ocean’s winds, homes for many animals and a source for natural resources. The tops of the mountains are caped with ice glaciers that are rapidly melting. The carbon dioxide particles, trapping heat and creating unusually high temperatures, melt the ice caps. With this at hand, the rivers over flow, therefore producing flood and destruction of crops. Rivers once flowing with a balanced amount of water that satisfied animals and other life forms along the river now become disrupted and generate more problems.

Chick Growth Enhancer Essay

ABSTRACT The study is entitled â€Å"Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer†. Specifically, it sought to find out the efficacy of Aloe Vera as a growth enhancer in broiler chicks. The study aims to produce a low-priced but high quality growth enhancer by using Aloe Vera as a main component. Twenty-one day old straight run broiler chicks were used in the study and were distributed to a cage with a dimension of (33 x 57). The cage was further subdivided into two cages for the different treatments with two birds per cage. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera were then extracted, 5ml per liter of water. Feeding troughs and waters were also provided for each cage. The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being provided with water containing the Aloe Vera gel. In the other hand, the control group was being provided with only pure water. Data were collected to gather relevant information. The results obtained regarding performance of the broilers showed that Aloe Vera gel groups brought about higher body weight gain, growth, quality of feathers and immune system compared to the control group. From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the people of the poultry business who would pursue the Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer to improve the performance of broiler chicks. Also, further research should be made especially on the right amounts of Aloe Vera in water to achieve a better mixture and produce a better product. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study would have been impossible without the support and encouragement of many individuals who have given their time, efforts and advice to this study: Mr. Ronel Deloso, their adviser, for having encouraged the researchers to pursue this project, having assisted them in the process of their experiment and for having shared his knowledge in writing this study; Their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Rony Vasquez, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Ong, and Mr. Malvin Tan and Mrs. Mildred Nakila for the financial and moral support and for believing in them in all their endeavors; also to their friends, classmates and teachers for motivating them to continue this study; Their brothers, Gabrielle, Keith and Joshua for endlessly inspiring them and for offering their help, regardless if it’s big or small; Mr. Raffy K. Fortun, for assisting them in taking care of the chicks and for providing the cages needed for the experiment, for sharing them his expertise and for his suggestions and recommendations to improve the study; Mr. Glenn R. Galendez, for his undying support and faith in them that they were capable of accomplishing this study; and To Almighty God for the wisdom and perseverance that He has bestowed upon them and for endlessly showering them with blessings of strength and confidence to finish this study. CHAPTER I Broiler production is regarded to be one of the biggest and most progressive animal enterprises in the Philippines today. It represents 85 percent of poultry meat that Filipinos consume. As human population increases, the demand for poultry and poultry by products continue to rise. It is therefore advisable to source alternative ways to enhance and hasten animal’s growth. Aloe Vera is found helpful to this cause because it contains vitamins and minerals essential to improve the growth of broiler chicks. In this study, Aloe Vera is used as a growth enhancer substitute. Background of the Study Chicks are young chickens. They require special brooding and temperatures, as well as unique feed and care until they reach a more self-sufficient age. Furthermore, there is a high demand of chickens in the world not only in the Philippines but in the entire world. â€Å"Poultry production is considered one of the most common and very promising agricultural enterprises especially for low income farm families.† It offers several advantages to the raisers. Vitamins A, B and vitamin E, among other vitamins and minerals, are needed by chicks to grow. Aloe Vera is a house plant which comes from the family of lily. It is native to the eastern and southern part of Africa but it has spread throughout many of the warmer regions of the world like the Philippines. Physically, it is a short-stemmed plant that could grow from 80 to 100 cm tall, spreading by offsets and root sprouts. The leaves are lanceolate, thick and fleshy with thorny edges and with color ranging from deep green to grey - green. â€Å"Aloe vera is rich in vitamins and minerals. Specific vitamins include: Vitamin A (Beta-Carotene), Vitamin B1 (Thiamine), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacin), Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Choline, and Folic Acid. The vitamins A, C, and E are responsible for the aloe’s antioxidant activity while vitamin B and choline are involved in amino acid metabolism and vitamin B12 is required for the production and development of blood cells. Among the important minerals found in Aloe Vera are: calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, phosphorous,  sodium, and zinc. These minerals are essential for good health and are known to work in synergistic combinations with each other, with vitamins and other trace elements.† Objective of the Study This investigatory project primarily aims to test the efficacy of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) as a substitute growth enhancer in chicks. More specifically, the study espouses the following objectives: 1. To determine if there is a difference in: a. weight b. growth c. feathers d. immune system Scope and Limitation The study will be conducted at a small poultry farm where the chicks will be observed for 21 days. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera will serve as the source of extract that will be used in this study. The sample will be freshly collected before extracting. The study focuses on how Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) leaves extract give potential as a substitute growth enhancer in chicks. Significance of the Study The study would answer the effectiveness of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) as Chick Growth Enhancer. The result of this study will provide information not only to the researchers but also to the people of the poultry business. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature Lorenzo said that Aloe Vera leaf extract contains nutrients which enhance the growth of animals and even boost their immunity (davaoagribiz.da.gov.ph). Chung (2003) stated that vitamins must be present in sufficient quantities in the diet to ensure efficient utilization of carbohydrates, protein, fats, minerals, and water for health and maintenance and production function such as growth development and reproduction. Poultry Raising Guide (1975) cited that in the presence of stressful condition like the movement of the birds,  the presence of infection, sudden change of weather and feeding practices, vaccination, deworming and debeaking birds need to be supplemented with vitamins. Aloe gel contains substances known as glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Glycoproteins speed the healing process by stopping pain and inflammation, while polysaccharides stimulate skin growth and repair. These substances may also stimulate the immune system. This is according to University of Maryland (2013) Bejar and Colapo (2005) said that Aside from vitamins and minerals, aloe vera is rich with enzymes (help the breakdown of food sugars and fats), hormones (aid in healing and anti-inflammatory activities), sugars (i.e. glucose and fructose that provide anti-inflammatory activity), anthraquinones or phenolic compounds (aid absorption from gastro-intestinal tract and have antimicrobial and pain killing effects), lignin (increases the blood circulation), saponins (provide cleansing and antiseptic activity), sterols (antiseptic and analgesic), amino acids (basic building blocks of proteins in the production of muscle tissue), and salicylic acid (works as a pain killer).† Olupona et al. (2010) reported that Aloe Vera gel added to water (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm3/dm3) resulted in significant final body weight gain as well as in weekly body weight gain compared to control group. Several studies have shown antimicrobial properties of herb extracts (Cowan, 1999; Hammer et al., 1999) which can improve intestinal microflora population and enhance health in birds’ digestive systems through reduction in number of disease-making bacteria (Mitsch et al., 2004). Intestinal health is of great importance in poultry for improved performance and reduced feed conversion ratio (Montagne et al., 2003). Previous studies discovered different properties of Aloe Vera gel, including wound healing, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties (Boudreau and Beland, 2006; Reynolds and Dweck, 1999). CHAPTER III Methodology A total of twenty-one (21) day old straight run broiler chicks were used in the study and were distributed to a cage with a dimension of (57 x 33). The cage was further subdivided into two (2) cages for the different treatments with two (2) birds per cage. 3 days prior to the arrival of the chicks the  cages were prepared thoroughly and provided with electric bulb as heaters up to 3 weeks 21 days of age and until their feathers were fully developed. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera were then extracted, 5ml per liter of water. Feeding troughs containing chick pellets and waterers were provided for each cage. The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being provided with water containing the Aloe Vera gel. On the other hand, the control group was being provided with only pure water. The observations in weight, growth, feathers and immune system was made weekly by the researchers. A digital weighing scale was used to measure the weight while a tape measure was used to determine the growth. The chicks were observed as starters (4-10 days), growers (10-15 days), and finishers (15-21) days. However, the final observations were made at the total experiment period. CHAPTER IV Results and Discussion Table 1 presents the results on the experiments on body weight gain. As seen in the table, the larger body weight gain was observed in the Aloe Vera group in the starter, grower and finisher, as well as the total experiment period. In the starter period, significant increase in body weight gain was observed in the both the Aloe Vera and control groups. However, in the grower and finisher periods, the larger body weight gain was observed in the Aloe Vera group compared to the control group. Finally, the results on body weight gain in the total period (day 21) showed a significant difference among the Aloe Vera and control group. In addition, the Aloe Vera gel groups experienced enhanced body weight gain compared to the control group. The results of the experiments on growth are shown in Table 2. Here, the Aloe Vera group showed higher level of growth in broilers. During the starter period both groups had the same measure of height in centimeters. Significant differences were observed in the grower and finisher periods that Aloe Vera indeed has an effect in the growth of broilers. Table 3 shows the results of treatments on feathers in broilers. As shown in the table, there was a significant difference observed between the two  groups. In the starter and grower periods, both groups had the same quality and color of feathers. It was observed however; in the finisher periods the control group had pale-looking feathers while the Aloe Vera group had a golden yellow color. The differences on immune system are presented in Table 4. During the starter period, there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the stronger immune system was observed in the Aloe Vera group in the grower and finisher periods compared to the control group, which showed minor cases of skin lesions in the body. Table 1 (Weight) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group 100 g 148.3 g 175 g 200 g Control group 100 g 145 g 170.5 g 160 g Table 2 (Growth) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group 8 cm 12 cm 15 cm 18 cm Control group 8 cm 10.5 cm 13 cm 16 cm Table 3 (feathers) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group Yellowish, Dry and fluffy Feathers are clean and yellowish, covers the entire body Yellowish, fluffy feathers Golden-yellow, healthy feathers Control group Yellowish, Dry and fluffy Signs of bald patches Visible bald patches Pale yellow, with bald patches Table 4 (Immune System) Starter Grower Finisher Total Experiment Period Aloe group Healthy No diseases Little skin lesions Healthy Control group Healthy Skin lesions begin to appear Skin lesions have spread Lack of nourishment CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary The study is entitled â€Å"Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer†. It focused on making a low priced but high quality growth enhancer in broiler chicks. It was conducted for the main purpose of evaluating and comparing the quality of Aloe Vera as a growth enhancer in terms of body weight gain, growth, feathers, and immune system. A total of twenty-one (21) day old straight run broiler chicks were used in the study and were distributed to a cage with a dimension of (57 x 33). The cage was further subdivided into two (2) cages for the different treatments with two (2) birds per cage. 3 days prior to the arrival of the chicks the cages were prepared thoroughly and provided with electric bulb as heaters up to 3 weeks 21 days of age and until their feathers were fully developed. Fresh leaves of Aloe Vera were then extracted, 5ml per liter of water. Feeding troughs containing chick pellets and waterers were provided for each cage. The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being provided with water containing the Aloe Vera gel. On the other hand, the control group was being provided with only pure water. The observations in weight, growth, feathers and immune system was made weekly by the researchers. . A digital weighing scale was used to measure the weight while a tape measure was used to determine the growth. The chicks were observed as starters (4-10 days), growers (10-15 days), and finishers (15-21) days. The results obtained regarding performance of the broilers showed that Aloe Vera gel groups brought about higher body weight  gain, growth, quality of feathers and immune system compared to the control group. The differences were then illustrated in a table. From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the people of the poultry business who would pursue the Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer to improve the performance of broiler chicks. Also, further research should be made especially on the right amounts of Aloe Vera in water to achieve a better mixture and produce a better product. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that the group treated by Aloe Vera gel showed better performance compared to the control group. Furthermore, among the two groups, the Aloe Vera group experienced higher level of body weight gain, growth, quality of feathers, and immune system. Recommendation From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the people of the poultry business who would pursue the Aloe Vera as Chick Growth Enhancer to improve the performance of broiler chicks. Also, further research should be made especially on the right amounts of Aloe Vera in water to achieve a better mixture and produce a better product. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bejar, Feliciano R.; Colapo, Remedies P. (2005) Growth Performance and Sensory Evaluation of Broilers Supplemented with Aloe Vera ( Aloe barbadensis miller) Extract in Drinking Water. Boudreau, M.D., Beland, F. A., 2006. An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (miller), Aloe vera. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. C 24:103-154. Cowan, M.M., 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 564-582. Darabighane, Babak (2011) Effects of different levels of Aloe vera gel as an alternative to antibiotic on performance and ileum morphology in broilers. Italian Journal of Animal Science. Licensee PAGEPress, Italy Vol 10, No 3 [eISSN 1828-051X] Dela Cruz, Rita T. (2006) Extracts from Aloe: Not Only a natural Healer also a Poultry Growth Enhancer. BAR Digest. Vol. 8 No. 2. Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plants extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86:985-990. Ehrlich, Steven D. (201 3) Aloe Medical Reference Guide. University of Maryland Medical System. MD 21201 Lorenzo, Elias (unknown) Aloe Vera Found Beneficial to Poultry. Davao Agri Biz. Mitsch, P. (2004). The effect of two different blends of essential oil components on the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 83:669-675. Montagne, L. (2003) A review of interactions between dietary ï ¬ bre and the intestinalmucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 108:95-117. Olupona, J.A. Effect of Aloe Vera Juice Application Through Drinking Water on Performance pp 42-43 in Proc. Reynolds, T., Dweck, A.C., (1999). Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. J. Ethnopharmacol. 68:3-37.

Free Essays on Your Mom

As a child, my mother put me in dance lessons, soccer, piano lessons and other sports. I hated it when I was young, but it wasn’t until I was older that I realized that my mother had done it for my own good. Most children are put into some sort of lesson or sport when they are youthful and for good cause, too. Some of the many reasons parents have their children engage in these things include their children getting good exercise, they have a chance to meet other children and develop social skills, they acquire a new hobby, and grow wiser through their lessons and games. Children take in so much when they are small and fragile; participating in these events helps them grow physically, mentally, socially, and at times, spiritually. Sports are a great way to stay in shape. When children are taught sports when they are young, it teaches them many lessons including how to deal with other children their own age, listen to adults, follow instructions, and be a team player. Sports teach children how to win and to lose, gracefully, says Joyce Eisenbraun of the Family Fun Weekender Newsletter. It also shows them how to play in a competitive, healthy game. I’ve seen people whose parents put them in sports as a child that they still play today. Most of them are healthy, fun individuals with a lot of focus. They also have a lot of will power and finish what they set their minds to. There are a lot of children today in America that are physically unfit, thanks to their parents not taking the necessary actions they need to keep them healthy. Music was always something I was interested in. For as long as I can remember, I loved to sing. My mom put me in kid’s choir at church from kindergarten through fifth grade. I loved it. I also took a few years of piano. I never liked piano much, though it taught me so much. In music you learn so many things like discipline, commitment and even math! Learning music involves ratios, fractions, proportions... Free Essays on Your Mom Free Essays on Your Mom As a child, my mother put me in dance lessons, soccer, piano lessons and other sports. I hated it when I was young, but it wasn’t until I was older that I realized that my mother had done it for my own good. Most children are put into some sort of lesson or sport when they are youthful and for good cause, too. Some of the many reasons parents have their children engage in these things include their children getting good exercise, they have a chance to meet other children and develop social skills, they acquire a new hobby, and grow wiser through their lessons and games. Children take in so much when they are small and fragile; participating in these events helps them grow physically, mentally, socially, and at times, spiritually. Sports are a great way to stay in shape. When children are taught sports when they are young, it teaches them many lessons including how to deal with other children their own age, listen to adults, follow instructions, and be a team player. Sports teach children how to win and to lose, gracefully, says Joyce Eisenbraun of the Family Fun Weekender Newsletter. It also shows them how to play in a competitive, healthy game. I’ve seen people whose parents put them in sports as a child that they still play today. Most of them are healthy, fun individuals with a lot of focus. They also have a lot of will power and finish what they set their minds to. There are a lot of children today in America that are physically unfit, thanks to their parents not taking the necessary actions they need to keep them healthy. Music was always something I was interested in. For as long as I can remember, I loved to sing. My mom put me in kid’s choir at church from kindergarten through fifth grade. I loved it. I also took a few years of piano. I never liked piano much, though it taught me so much. In music you learn so many things like discipline, commitment and even math! Learning music involves ratios, fractions, proportions...

buy custom Negative Business essay

buy custom Negative Business essay Introduction The American airlines came into operation from a group of small independent firms which were dealing with mails. In 1933 the airline ordered its fist Curtis condors and on by June the year 1936 it flew the worlds first commercial DC-3 trip which started from Chicago and ended in New York. In the year 1941 the airline stated to offer his services in Mexico. In 1981 the airline stopped 707 series fleet and introduced the AA Advantage program, Americans frequent flyer project. From the year 1981 till the year 2011 the airline has developed very much. For instance, currently the airline has fleet size of 622 (+104 orders) and more than 260 destinations. Although American airline is the worlds third-largest airline in passenger miles transport, operating revenues and passenger fleet size its last profitable year was 2007(Kakuk A, Theriault B Bourgoin J). Negative financial deals for American airline for the recent three years For the last three years starting from the year 2008 to 2010 the American airline has never made any profit. For instance, over those years the airlines performance and financial timelines was as follows; the company made a net loss of $2.1 billion in the year 2008.These results was due to increase in fuel prices from an average of $2.13 per gallo in 2007 to an average of $3.03 per gallon in 2008.Even though the fuel prices have increased constantly from the record prices recorded in the year 2008, fuel prices always remains volatile. Due the fuel price volatility, the prices of fuel is keeping on increasing every time and this has highly affected the Companys financial conditions and its performance in general (AMR CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT, 2008). In 2009 the Company recorded a net loss of $ 1.5 billion. This was due to a significant decrease in passenger revenue because of lower traffic and passenger yield. Mainline passenger revenue reduced by $3.2 billion to $15.0 billion in the year 2009. Mainline passenger unit revenue reduced by 11.1% in 2009 due to an 11.2% reduction in passenger yield. Besides, in 2009 the Companys performance results were negatively impacted by a net of $107 million in special items, non-cash tax item and restructuring charges (AMR CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT, 2009). In 2010 the Company recorded a net loss of $471 million. The smaller loss in 2010 was due to an improvement in the weak global economy. The mainline passenger revenue was raised by $1.7 billion to 16.8 billion in 2010. Mainline passenger unit revenues increased by 10.4% in 2010 because of 8.7% increase in passenger yield. Fuel prices increased by $847 million to $6.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared to 2009. Hedging effects costs the company $142 million of the overall increase in fuel cost (AMR CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT, 2010). Relevant Costs plus Risk and Return are the two financial concepts which the Company has employed leading to his downfalls. In Relevant Costs the Company made business decisions in the 2008 that its McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and Embraer RJ-3-135 aircraft fleets were no longer required. In addition with these capacity reductions, the company realized $71 million in expense for employee costs and $33 million expense concerning the grounding of leased Airbus A300 aircraft before the lease expiration. In the case of Risk and Return the company is negotiating with aircraft makers like Boeing Company to replace all its fleet by buying more than 250 planes in a deal worth 15 billion while it has never made any profit(GRAZIANO, C, 2009). Yes, I strongly believe that the Company will recover very soon. This is because; its net loss was narrowed to $436 million this year, from $505 million of last year. In addition, the airline is planning to own two more Boeing 777-300ER aircraft to be delivered in 2012and 2013.Hence, raising itsb performance in order to recover soon (Schlangenstein, M, 2011). The main two key ways the Company should employ to become financially strong again involves, it should invest heavily in aircrafts which consumes less fuel and creates good customer relationship in order to gain many customers as possible. Buy custom Negative Business essay

Strategy mapping & the learning and growth perspective Essay

Strategy mapping & the learning and growth perspective - Essay Example There has been a significant revolution in the business environment attributed to formulation and implementation of strategy mapping. On the other hand, prosperity in process of formulating and implementing strategy mapping in organizations has been facilitated by application or incorporation of Balance Scorecards In this case, strategy mapping has been applied in processes of facilitating learning and growth in various organizations, while balance scorecard is used in implementation and evaluation process (Sharma, 2012). Nevertheless, this paper explains processes involved in formulation and implementation of strategy mapping, its relation to performance management, thereby establishing value propositions; in fact, this discussion will be established theoretically. The ultimate purpose of implementing strategy mapping in an organization is to bridge learning and growth gap. In this case, strategy mapping offers sets of guidelines, which facilitate increased performance management in an organization. Besides, Armitage and Scholey (2006) explain that strategy mapping offers these guidelines in a systematic format. Strategy mapping has also been considered a reference, based on four principle interest groups. Strategy mapping based on learning and growth point of view resonates around employee capabilities and other success factors. In this case, Sharma (2012) explains that employees’ capabilities relate to their levels of skills, access to transactions, continuous training and development programs. In addition, it also focuses on employee satisfaction, which has been regarded as precondition for facilitating employee productivity and level of quality in services offered to customers. Other growth factors facilitated by strategy mapping include information system capabilities, motivation and empowerment of employees in an organization (Sharma, 2012). Numerous organizations have been seeking guidance and directives to supplement effort required in implement ation of maps and scorecards. Therefore, strategic mapping and Balance Scorecards has become solutions to organizations’ problems, whereby they serves as a bridge between theories gathered from different literature and processes of implementation. On the other hand, other organizations are seeking certain consultants, which can offer benefits based on framework in strategic mapping guidelines. Furthermore, Armitage and Scholey (2006) assert that other organizations stand chance of benefiting from strategic mapping by becoming consultants. Strategy mapping facilitates communication of strategies in organizations, given that they provide guidelines, which in turn describe model applied in implementation process. The strategy map developed through this model is helpful to managers in organization (National Institute of Standards & Technology [NIST], 2012). In this case, these strategy maps become solutions to problems faced in processes of executing a strategy. Besides, these ma ps help organizations to attain desired results, through a substantially developed strategy meant to improve and align various functions in an organization. Some of these functions include, strategy planning, budgeting, compensating employees and monitoring their performance (Armitage & Scholey, 2006). In addition, strategic mapping offers ways to improve chances of implementing learning and growth strategies in organizations in order to facilitate effective operating and financial performance. Nonetheless, this paper will also focus on conducting analysis, which presents actual comparison and contrast between BAA’

War between Palestine and Israel (In favor of Palestine INFORMATIVE Essay

War between Palestine and Israel (In favor of Palestine INFORMATIVE - Essay Example The countries comprising Lebanon, Egypt, Jordon, Turkey, Palestine and Tunisia, which mainly constitute of Palestinian populaces, allegedly termed as refugees, decipher negative views about Israel. On the other hand, France, China, Germany and the USA, who are often observed as lacking adequate knowledge and understanding of the situation from a dual and unbiased perspective, are identified to have favorable views about the peaceful resolutions considered by Israelis. Even in the preceding years of the 20th century, conflict settlement processes had been initiated with the aim of settling the disputes between these two groups; for example, Oslo Accords in the year 1993 (Zanotti 2), Camp David Summit in 2000 and Taba Summit in 2001have been few of the failed peace treaties in this context (Emerson and Tocci 13). Recently, a two-state solution has been initiated with the objective of developing an independent state for Palestine and Israel. This settlement policy is expected to be effe ctive in resolving the dispute amid these countries as they will be facilitated with the opportunity of performing their operations independently without interventions from each other (Pew Research Center, â€Å"Despite Their Wide Differences, Many Israelis and Palestinians Want Bigger Role for Obama in Resolving Conflict† n.p.). It is worth mentioning in this regard that in most of the instances, the interests of Israelis of the Arab population have been considered with greater attention as compared to the Palestinians which can again be affirmed as a stimulator to Palestinians’ war strategies preferring terrorism. ARGUMENTS AGAINST To be mentioned specifically, Palestinians’ involvement in terrorist attacks in... The paper outlines all pros and cons of the war between Palestine and Israel. Apparently, history reveals that Palestinians have been the ancient citizens of the land but are now living in poverty as refugees in many regions of the state. From a generalized perspective, where Arab’s or Israelis’ quest to re-conquer Palestine can be justified on the grounds of religious beliefs, it can also be strongly contradicted on the basis of political interests and profits. Palestinians have often sought mutual alliance with the Israelis and gain the reputation of being the citizen of Palestine which is their native land. To be mentioned specifically, Palestinians’ involvement in terrorist attacks in Israel, affecting the life of many innocent civilians, has been raised major counter arguments to the role of the group in the sectarian war with Arabs. Whatever the reasons behind executing terrorist attacks, such as action however, cannot be justified on moral grounds, but can be addressed as a response on the economic and emotional grounds from the Palestinians. The conflict amid Israel and Palestine is continuing since the mid 20th century fundamentally centralizes on the right of the either group to reside as native in the land. Conclusively, based on the above discussion, it can be affirmed that in order to mitigate these issues and conflicts, transparent understanding of the main causes and the current beliefs as well as needs of the two groups must be considered in an unbiased manner; rather than disregarding Palestinians’ views owing to their involvement in terrorist attacks to gain their needs.

Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reconstruction - Essay Example ved their freedom from their white masters, African Americans would celebrate their newly won liberties and rights in the years following the war – also referred by historians as the period of Reconstruction. In the book America: A Concise History by James Henretta and David Bordy, we get in-depth analysis and commentary on this crucial period in American history. We learn from the text that the Reconstruction project is largely a failure. The acceding of eleven defeated Southern states into the Union was going to be a highly challenging process due to cultural and political dissimilarities between the two former warring groups. Indeed, the non-viability of this proposition had what ultimately led to the abandonment of Reconstruction efforts; and much of the bipartisanship seen in American politics today is proof of this deep division in the countrys social and political makeup. Immediately after the Civil War an atmosphere of euphoria prevailed, when intellectuals and common people alike dreamt of a radically new American society. But as the initial excitement of the Reconstruction era faded out, people came to the realization that old, established institutions would not change readily. In many ways the Civil Rights movement that occurred a century later was a reaction to the failure of the Reconstruction project. In this sense, the progress of American society was effectively held back for a hundred

The nature of crime Essay Example for Free

The nature of crime Essay The nature of crime embodies the offences made against the state representing society and the population. Within this concept is the operation of principles going to the rights of the victim and the accused in the criminal law process. This process encompasses the commission and elements of the crime going to the actus reus (action of the accused), mens rea (intention of the accused) and causal link to make out the crime; the criminal investigation by the police; the criminal trial process under the adversarial system; the standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt; and the verdict to sentencing options available to the judiciary. This can be illustrated in the case of R v Munter (2009) NSWSC whilst demonstrating the causation in the death of a man assaulted by Munter acting on the mistaken belief that this man was breaching water restrictions, but showing that his intention to kill was absent whilst his actions contributed to the outcome. In this case, Munter received a custodial sentence for manslaughter. Summary and indictable offences Criminal conduct is categorised by summary and indictable offences under the Summary Offences Act 1988 (NSW) and the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) respectively according to their severity. A summary offence is a less serious matter heard in the Local Court (before a magistrate generally resulting in a bond, fine or a jail sentence of up to two years. By contrast, indictable offences are more serious matters heard at trial in the District Court (most serious offences of manslaughter, murder and aggravated sexual assault being heard in the Supreme Court) following a committal hearing in the Local Court and before a judge and jury. Offences can be committed against people and property but fundamentally these offences breach the law of the state with sentencing imposed by the state but not necessarily in the interests of the victim. From homicide (murder and manslaughter) to, assault (common or aggravated) and sexual assault these can be contrasted with property and economic offences involving larceny, robbery or ‘break and enter’ or white-collar crimes involving  embezzlement, tax evasion and as can be seen in the case of R v Rivkin (2003) ALR, insider trading in which the accused used confidential stock market information in relation to Qantas shares for personal gain in which he was sentenced to nine months periodic detention. The different categories of crime Categories of crime are branded by the type of offence, jurisdiction (NSW or Cth), the seriousness of the offence (summary or indictable) and the parties to a crime. This can include offences against the person which is reflected as being a serious crime (homicide, assault and sexual assault). The case of Boughey v The Queen (1986) where a doctor strangled his wife during a ‘sex game’ allegedly should have known that the act constituted a ‘reckless indifference to human life’ and therefore was convicted for murder clearly demonstrates this category of crime. Offences against the Sovereign refer to the main offences of sedition and treason within this area. The Vietnam War ‘draft-card burning’ is an effective example which demonstrates the crime of sedition where thousands of American men protested based on the involvement of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. This led to the case of United States v. O’Brien where both parties argued before the Supreme Court in relation to the concept of sedition where O’Brien was burning his draft-cards at a rally. (Does this have any relation to the Anti-Terrorism Act No.2 (Cth) 2002? and was introduced after 9/11) Economic offences is another area of the criminal law and more significantly, is the largest area of criminal law as it encompasses most common types of crime. This includes crimes against property (larceny, robbery and ‘break and enter’); white-collar crimes (embezzlement, tax evasion and insider trading; and computer offences (hacking, unauthorized accessing, or modification of data). The media article – Fear in the Fast Lane (ABC, 2009) demonstrates a situation of an economic offence and more specifically, hacking. It was based on the Alice Springs Turf Club where hackers accessed the online gambling system and brought it down. Main drug related offences include the possession of a prohibited drug; use of a prohibited drug; cultivation (the growth of plant drugs i.e. cannabis) and the supply of a prohibited drug. Such legislation which has been passed to assist with the enforceability of keeping these types of crimes minimal include the Drug Misuse and  Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW); the Summary Offences Act 1988 (NSW); and the Customs Act 1901 (Cth). Driving associated offences are some of the most commonly committed offences in NSW. Many of these offences will relate to the strict liability offences concept such as speeding. The most common driving related offences include: exceeding the speed limit; driving without a license or while disqualified; ignoring road signs; and driving above the legal blood alcohol limit of 0.05. Public order crimes are offences that relate to acts that are deemed to disturb the public order in some way; i.e. disturbance in public. Some of the most common public order offences can include: obscene, indecent or threatening language in public; possessing a knife in public (with no reason); obstructing traffic; and damaging public fountains or protected places. Preliminary crimes are offences split into two main categories of attempts of an offence and conspiracy. The concept of conspiracy occurs when two or more people plot to commit a crime together. In addition, the failure of an attempted crime can result in the equal possible length of sentence for that particular crime which is demonstrated in Section 344 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) where ‘a person who attempts an offence can be liable for the penalty’. Parties to a crime The concept of parties to a crime relates to the fact that other people can be involved in the act, either before or after the crime. This can effectively be reflected within the preliminary offence of conspiracy. The level of punishment is usually determined by that person’s level of involvement in the crime and indeed there are four main categories of ‘parties to a crime’ which are: principal in the first degree (this is the principal offender); principal in the second degree (present at the crime i.e. encourager); accessory before the fact (someone who helped before the crime); accessory after the fact (someone who helped after the crime i.e. driving a getaway car). A range of factors that may lead to criminal behaviour A range of situational and social crime prevention techniques There are many significant factors which affect criminal behaviour. The scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour is known as criminology. This covers many aspects of why people might become criminals. Firstly, the psychological  factor is relevant during the drug rehabilitation process and particular sentencing programs. Secondly, social groups that people associate with will often influence a person’s attitude and views of acceptable behaviour. For example, an abusive home environment may impact on one’s future life. Thirdly, the economic factor is extremely significant as people from disadvantaged backgrounds (i.e. Sydney’s western suburbs) are more likely to commit crimes. This relates to the impact of poor education and lack of skills. Fourthly, politically, offences against the sovereign or against the state are likely to have some political factors influencing their commission. For Example; the G8 Summit protest or the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference are both a major influence. Essentially, it is vital to understand the factors and motivations behind crime as it related to the possible impact of crime prevention (situational and social). Situational crime prevents usually involves one of the two following approaches: firstly, planning and architectural design, which focuses upon the influence of physical environments upon crime; and seconly, focused (situational) approaches, which rest on rational choice theory. Basically, situational crime prevention aims to make it more difficult for criminals to carry out a crime and therefore stop the crime before it is committed. Social crime prevention relates to the prevention of some of the social and economic factors that might contribute to a person committing an offence. This includes the prevention of a poor home environment/parenting; social and economic disadvantage; poor school attendance; early contact with the police and other authorities. Fundamentally, it is progressively being fixed as such youth programs are run to teach dispute resolution skills and social skills that will encourage potential offenders to make better choices about their actions and their futures.